Chapter 5: Isms and Revolutions (1820-1871)
Overview:
1820-1871 was a period filled with tension and revolt. Established ways of life were called into question, as average citizens began to express their discontent. Conflict arose between the conservative way of life imposed by the Congress of Vienna and the new, liberal ideas that came with the Enlightenment and new political thinkers. Issues often revolved around nationalistic interests. People took pride in their nationality and searched for a political connection to others of their culture. Furthermore, there was a push for more rights, new rulers, and a new sense of 'freedom.' Revolutions throughout Europe, from France to England to Prussia, showed that the spread of revolutionary fervor and civil unrest were present throughout the entirety of Europe. This time period also saw the rise of socialism throughout Europe.
Top 10 People:
1. Prince Klemens von Metternich
1773-1859
Conservative Austrian statesman and diplomat
Represented Austria at the Congress of Vienna, led the Conservative Reaction. Viciously attacked all threats to BOP and monarchy/ old way of stuff. Hated liberalism and nationalism. Believed in peace in Europe could be achieved through conservatism.
2. Benjamin Disraeli
1804-1881
First Earl of Beaconsfield. Conservative English Politician who served as Prime Minister twice. Conservative party leader, had rivalry with William Gladstone.
Expanded suffrage to working class to gain party support. Only Jewish PM. Extended voting rights to working class males. Conservative
3. Louis Blanc
1811-1882
French Politician, historian, and socialist.
Took over the February revolution. Urged workers to agitate for voting rights.
Democratic socialism. Led February Revolution. Agitated workers into agitating for universal male suffrage.
4. Karl Marx
German political philosopher and economist
1818-1883
Wrote the Communist Manifest and Das Kapital. Defined bourgeoisie and proletariat. Created communism, criticized capitalism. Revolts reshape the world.
German philosopher and Father of Communism.
1848
Author of the Communist Manifesto. Bourgeouise vs. Proletariat. History is an ongoing struggle for money/
5. Louis Phillipe
French king after Charles X
1773-1850
Put into power in July Monarchy after Bourbon Dynasty. Re-enacted the constitutional charter. Ignored the lower classes. Forced to abdicate eventually.
Replacement for Charles X in France. "Citizen King."
1830-1848
Gov't was toppled in the February Rev. Marginalized the working class of France. Overthrown in 1848
6. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian General and patriot who lead Italian unification movement.
1807-1882=
Lead volunteer military unit (red-shirts). Huge part of Nationalism. Successful in freeing Italy.
Italian, politician, general, and patriot. One of Italy's "Fathers of the Fatherland"
1807-1882
Leaders of the red-shirts. Freed Sicily from the Bourbon family.
7. Count Cavour
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
1810-1861
Leader of Italian unification movement. Wanted Italian state, but not big on liberalism. Masterminded unification effort. Allied with France and fought Austria.
Prime minister of Sardinia. Endorsed the doctrines of the middle class.
1810-1861
Allied with France and Prussia to expel Austria from Italy.
8. Otto von Bismark
Prussian statesman who helped unify Germany.
1815-1898
The Iron Chancellor. Created and led German state. Second Reich. Used wars to unify and advance Germany.
Prime chancellor of Germany.
1860s
Established Germany's bicameral legislature.
9. Alexander II
Csar of Russia
1818-1881
Immediately ended the Crimean War. Very progressive. Abolished serfdom and built better schools, roads, and new railroads. Assassinated.
Czar of Russia after the Crimean war. Agreed to some reforms.
1855
Freed serfs, established trial by jury, eased censorship. Assassinated.
10. William Gladstone
British liberal politician who served as Prime Minister four times.
1809-1898
Leader of Liberal Party. Education Act of 1870. Advocate of Irish home rule. Focused on domestic and financial reforms. Expanded suffrage.
Prime Minister of England.
1809-1898
Head of the Whigs. Education act, Reform act, Ballot act.
Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Nationalism
Ideology which focuses on pride in one's country. Was the cause of many revolts and revolutions throughout the era.
19th century
Holds the belief that one' s country is integral to one's identity.
2. Conservatism
A Set of beliefs that includes a limited role for government and supports traditional values and lifestyles. Keeps a cautious approach to change
19th century
Opposes liberalism and advocates slow change, if any.
3. Militarism
The desire for a country to build up its military and its willingness to use it to protect national interest.
19th century.
One of the primary causes of World War One.
4. Liberalism
A movement which holds the government responsible for social changes.
19th century
Empowers the individual, not religious or hereditary government.
5. Socialism
Economic system based on heavy government intervention.
1800s
No private property, equitable distribution of wealth
6. Congress of Vienna
Congress formed after napoleon's attempt at dominating Europe
1814
Attempted to restore Europe to the old regime. Conservative powerhouse in the suffocation of rebellions.
7. The Communist Manifesto
Pamphlet written by Marx and Engels which discussed the conflicts between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
1848
Encouraged the working class to rebel. Outlined wage slavery. Basis for modern communism.
8. Marxism
Ideas developed by K. Marx which formed the basic creeds of socialism and communism.
1800s
Capitalism will be eliminated. Revolves around class and socioeconomic inequality.
9. The Franco-Prussian War
France v. Germany. Napoleon III worried about Bismark growing in influence.
1870
Prussia wins. Led to German unification.
10. Social Darwinism
A way to explain and justify classes in society.
1800s
Uses genetic heredity to explains success or failure.
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Prince Klemens Von Metternich
Prince Klemens Von Metternich was an extremely talented Austrian diplomat. For the majority duration of his career, he served as foreign minister of the influential Austrian Empire. He served in this position from when he was appointed in 1809 until he was forced to abdicate in 1848. During his time in this role, he did much to impact international European politics. Metternich’s presence in international politics was first seen at the Congress of Vienna, after Metternich had engineered a way for Austria to enter the war against Napoleon. Metternich hosted the peace talks in the Austrian capital Vienna, and took center stage in peace negotiations. He was essential in crafting the lasting peace that pervaded international Europe. While at the Congress of Vienna, in his crusade to protect the established system from emerging liberal threats, Metternich took the head of what has been named the Conservative Reaction. Metternich introduced and spearheaded this Conservative Reaction at the Congress of Vienna, and continued to lead it until his abdication in 1848. In this Metternich allied with Russia and Prussia in crushing liberal movements across Europe, especially those around northern Italy and Germany. Klemens von Metternich was also domestically essential, he was key in crushing national uprisings and suppressing independence movements, thereby holding the Austrian Empire together. Prince Klemens von Metternich was essential in the Conservative Reaction, the internal stability of the Austrian Empire, and the balance of power across Europe.
Top Dog Idea:
The idea of nationalism was shockingly revolutionary for this era. Partially emerging from the shared repression felt under Napoleon and France, nationalism began to change people’s consideration from local and individual to the country as a whole. Key to this was the identification with the national government that arose from increased political awareness and a modernization of technology resulting in the capability to send news across the nation. The impact of nationalism in this age, from 1820-1871, was huge. Nationalism was often the driving force causing revolutionaries to seek independence. In countries such as Italy and Germany, powerful nationalist movements succeeded in overthrowing foreign ruling countries. Nationalism inherently brought along a growing sense of national pride and distinction, enhancing the distinctions between cultures. This result of nationalism allowed countries and citizens to foment an atmosphere of hostility towards other countries and develop international rivalries, which often spiraled into conflicts. Nationalism revolutionized Europe because of the way it changed culture and politics.
Timeline:
1800-1850: The romantic period helped establish emotional movements and newer thinking rather than old thinking.
1800-1850: Nationalistic thinking helped show people that they should be proud of where they come from
1810-1900: Liberalism became a newer form of government thinking and it strayed away from conservative values
1814: The congress of vienna takes place and it leans towards the side of conservatism
1815: Utopian socialism becomes popular around europe
1830: The french revolution occurs and it ends up with charles X being overthrown
1832: The sadler report helps show the mistreatment of workers
1848: Karl Marx publishes the communist manifesto
1859: Darwin publishes the Origins of species
1870: Social darwinism is challenged by philosophers
1871: Italy becomes a country
1871: The second industrial revolution occurs.
Images:
1820-1871 was a period filled with tension and revolt. Established ways of life were called into question, as average citizens began to express their discontent. Conflict arose between the conservative way of life imposed by the Congress of Vienna and the new, liberal ideas that came with the Enlightenment and new political thinkers. Issues often revolved around nationalistic interests. People took pride in their nationality and searched for a political connection to others of their culture. Furthermore, there was a push for more rights, new rulers, and a new sense of 'freedom.' Revolutions throughout Europe, from France to England to Prussia, showed that the spread of revolutionary fervor and civil unrest were present throughout the entirety of Europe. This time period also saw the rise of socialism throughout Europe.
Top 10 People:
1. Prince Klemens von Metternich
1773-1859
Conservative Austrian statesman and diplomat
Represented Austria at the Congress of Vienna, led the Conservative Reaction. Viciously attacked all threats to BOP and monarchy/ old way of stuff. Hated liberalism and nationalism. Believed in peace in Europe could be achieved through conservatism.
2. Benjamin Disraeli
1804-1881
First Earl of Beaconsfield. Conservative English Politician who served as Prime Minister twice. Conservative party leader, had rivalry with William Gladstone.
Expanded suffrage to working class to gain party support. Only Jewish PM. Extended voting rights to working class males. Conservative
3. Louis Blanc
1811-1882
French Politician, historian, and socialist.
Took over the February revolution. Urged workers to agitate for voting rights.
Democratic socialism. Led February Revolution. Agitated workers into agitating for universal male suffrage.
4. Karl Marx
German political philosopher and economist
1818-1883
Wrote the Communist Manifest and Das Kapital. Defined bourgeoisie and proletariat. Created communism, criticized capitalism. Revolts reshape the world.
German philosopher and Father of Communism.
1848
Author of the Communist Manifesto. Bourgeouise vs. Proletariat. History is an ongoing struggle for money/
5. Louis Phillipe
French king after Charles X
1773-1850
Put into power in July Monarchy after Bourbon Dynasty. Re-enacted the constitutional charter. Ignored the lower classes. Forced to abdicate eventually.
Replacement for Charles X in France. "Citizen King."
1830-1848
Gov't was toppled in the February Rev. Marginalized the working class of France. Overthrown in 1848
6. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian General and patriot who lead Italian unification movement.
1807-1882=
Lead volunteer military unit (red-shirts). Huge part of Nationalism. Successful in freeing Italy.
Italian, politician, general, and patriot. One of Italy's "Fathers of the Fatherland"
1807-1882
Leaders of the red-shirts. Freed Sicily from the Bourbon family.
7. Count Cavour
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
1810-1861
Leader of Italian unification movement. Wanted Italian state, but not big on liberalism. Masterminded unification effort. Allied with France and fought Austria.
Prime minister of Sardinia. Endorsed the doctrines of the middle class.
1810-1861
Allied with France and Prussia to expel Austria from Italy.
8. Otto von Bismark
Prussian statesman who helped unify Germany.
1815-1898
The Iron Chancellor. Created and led German state. Second Reich. Used wars to unify and advance Germany.
Prime chancellor of Germany.
1860s
Established Germany's bicameral legislature.
9. Alexander II
Csar of Russia
1818-1881
Immediately ended the Crimean War. Very progressive. Abolished serfdom and built better schools, roads, and new railroads. Assassinated.
Czar of Russia after the Crimean war. Agreed to some reforms.
1855
Freed serfs, established trial by jury, eased censorship. Assassinated.
10. William Gladstone
British liberal politician who served as Prime Minister four times.
1809-1898
Leader of Liberal Party. Education Act of 1870. Advocate of Irish home rule. Focused on domestic and financial reforms. Expanded suffrage.
Prime Minister of England.
1809-1898
Head of the Whigs. Education act, Reform act, Ballot act.
Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Nationalism
Ideology which focuses on pride in one's country. Was the cause of many revolts and revolutions throughout the era.
19th century
Holds the belief that one' s country is integral to one's identity.
2. Conservatism
A Set of beliefs that includes a limited role for government and supports traditional values and lifestyles. Keeps a cautious approach to change
19th century
Opposes liberalism and advocates slow change, if any.
3. Militarism
The desire for a country to build up its military and its willingness to use it to protect national interest.
19th century.
One of the primary causes of World War One.
4. Liberalism
A movement which holds the government responsible for social changes.
19th century
Empowers the individual, not religious or hereditary government.
5. Socialism
Economic system based on heavy government intervention.
1800s
No private property, equitable distribution of wealth
6. Congress of Vienna
Congress formed after napoleon's attempt at dominating Europe
1814
Attempted to restore Europe to the old regime. Conservative powerhouse in the suffocation of rebellions.
7. The Communist Manifesto
Pamphlet written by Marx and Engels which discussed the conflicts between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
1848
Encouraged the working class to rebel. Outlined wage slavery. Basis for modern communism.
8. Marxism
Ideas developed by K. Marx which formed the basic creeds of socialism and communism.
1800s
Capitalism will be eliminated. Revolves around class and socioeconomic inequality.
9. The Franco-Prussian War
France v. Germany. Napoleon III worried about Bismark growing in influence.
1870
Prussia wins. Led to German unification.
10. Social Darwinism
A way to explain and justify classes in society.
1800s
Uses genetic heredity to explains success or failure.
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Prince Klemens Von Metternich
Prince Klemens Von Metternich was an extremely talented Austrian diplomat. For the majority duration of his career, he served as foreign minister of the influential Austrian Empire. He served in this position from when he was appointed in 1809 until he was forced to abdicate in 1848. During his time in this role, he did much to impact international European politics. Metternich’s presence in international politics was first seen at the Congress of Vienna, after Metternich had engineered a way for Austria to enter the war against Napoleon. Metternich hosted the peace talks in the Austrian capital Vienna, and took center stage in peace negotiations. He was essential in crafting the lasting peace that pervaded international Europe. While at the Congress of Vienna, in his crusade to protect the established system from emerging liberal threats, Metternich took the head of what has been named the Conservative Reaction. Metternich introduced and spearheaded this Conservative Reaction at the Congress of Vienna, and continued to lead it until his abdication in 1848. In this Metternich allied with Russia and Prussia in crushing liberal movements across Europe, especially those around northern Italy and Germany. Klemens von Metternich was also domestically essential, he was key in crushing national uprisings and suppressing independence movements, thereby holding the Austrian Empire together. Prince Klemens von Metternich was essential in the Conservative Reaction, the internal stability of the Austrian Empire, and the balance of power across Europe.
Top Dog Idea:
The idea of nationalism was shockingly revolutionary for this era. Partially emerging from the shared repression felt under Napoleon and France, nationalism began to change people’s consideration from local and individual to the country as a whole. Key to this was the identification with the national government that arose from increased political awareness and a modernization of technology resulting in the capability to send news across the nation. The impact of nationalism in this age, from 1820-1871, was huge. Nationalism was often the driving force causing revolutionaries to seek independence. In countries such as Italy and Germany, powerful nationalist movements succeeded in overthrowing foreign ruling countries. Nationalism inherently brought along a growing sense of national pride and distinction, enhancing the distinctions between cultures. This result of nationalism allowed countries and citizens to foment an atmosphere of hostility towards other countries and develop international rivalries, which often spiraled into conflicts. Nationalism revolutionized Europe because of the way it changed culture and politics.
Timeline:
1800-1850: The romantic period helped establish emotional movements and newer thinking rather than old thinking.
1800-1850: Nationalistic thinking helped show people that they should be proud of where they come from
1810-1900: Liberalism became a newer form of government thinking and it strayed away from conservative values
1814: The congress of vienna takes place and it leans towards the side of conservatism
1815: Utopian socialism becomes popular around europe
1830: The french revolution occurs and it ends up with charles X being overthrown
1832: The sadler report helps show the mistreatment of workers
1848: Karl Marx publishes the communist manifesto
1859: Darwin publishes the Origins of species
1870: Social darwinism is challenged by philosophers
1871: Italy becomes a country
1871: The second industrial revolution occurs.
Images:
This map illustrated the revolutions, uprisings, and strikes across Europe from 1834-1850. The sheer number of revolutions illustrates the instability of the time.
This painting illustrated the unification of Germany. Specifically, this painting shows the revolution of 1848. The people rallying around the German flag is symbolic of the intense nationalism of the era.
This paintings illustrates the unification of Italy. Specifically, the revolution of 1848. The furiosity with which the battle is depicted is a commentary on the commitment revolutionaries felt towards their cause.
This famous painting of the French Revolution displays intense French nationalism. The French people are represented as whole by each character, and are rallying behind the French flag and Lady Liberty.
This political cartoon is meant to convey that militarism will only hurt the world. As militarism increased in 19th century, political instability grew.
This political cartoon illustrates the way that European powers divided the world into colonies. The European nations' hunger for expansion was fed by sectioning off foreign territories. It was a fight for who could get the most of Africa.
This is a picture of the meeting of various European leaders at the Congress of Berlin. International relations were strained by constant domestic upheaval.
This picture shows Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the founding fathers of Communism. Together they published the Communist Manifesto.
This political cartoon displays all the domestic unrest. Internal affairs were constantly a mess.