Chapter 6: Imperialism, WWI, & The Russian Revolution (1850-1918)
Overview:
The increase of nationalism, militarism, and other factors that arose in the 19th century manifested itself in a form of imperialism similar to that of the 17 century. Countries eager to grow and test their might attempted to expand into areas of little development, primarily Africa. African territory was quickly taken up a scramble for land in Africa ensued among European superpowers. Locals were disregarded and Empires were set up. The escalating amount of imperialism resulted in international conflicts among the European superpowers. With the spark that was the assassination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, Europe erupted into war, the First World War. Germany aligned with Austria and the Ottoman Empire to form the Central Powers and fought against France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, which comprised the Entente Powers. Eventually, the Central Powers were defeated. Meanwhile, Russia was experiencing Civil War. The Communist Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, took control of the government after the fall of the czars and the provisional government. The Communist leadership repressed opposition in the Red/White Civil War, and began assuming totalitarian powers. The Treaty of Versailles was signed to end World War One, with extremely humiliating clauses for the Germans, such as the War Guilt Clause and Reparations.
Top 10 People:
1. Georges Clemenceau
French prime minister during World War One
World War One
Sought to punish Germany heavily with reparations.
British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922.
Leader of the Liberal Party and regarded as the founder of the British welfare state.
Oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK)
2. David Lloyd George
British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922.
Leader of the Liberal Party and regarded as the founder of the British welfare state.
Oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK)
3. Nicholas II
Last czar of Russia between 1868-1917 and end of the Romanov Dynasty
Seen as a weak leader, he oversaw Russia's humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday, and anti-semitic pogroms
Forced to abdicate in 1917 and killed by Bolsheviks in 1918 along with his family including Tsarina Alexandra and their children.
4. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Leader of the Russian Communists and head of the Russian Soviet Socialists
Student of Marxist socialism, he returned from exile to Russia in 1917 and lead the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
Head of the Communist government until 1924
Known for statements like "All power to the Soviets", "All land to the peasants'.
Promised "Bread, Land, and Peace"
5. Leon Trotsky
Bolshevik leader who helped to organize the October Revolution in 1917
Radical marxist and leader of the Red Army
Removed from power in 1927 by Stalin and deported to Mexico in 1929 where he was assassinated.
6. Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher who questioned the conventional values of Western society.
Famous for rejecting religion "God is dead"
His works were fundamental in the rise of existentialism
7. Sigmund Freud
Austrian doctor and founder of psychoanalysis
1856-1939
famous for dream analysis, "talking cure", and free association techniques
describes three structures of the self - id, ego, superego
8. Kaiser Wilhelm II
Last Kaiser of Prussia and German emperor. Came to power after Otto Von Bismarck.
1888-1900s
Wanted to build up german army. Sought to equalize Germany's navy with that of Great Britain.
9. Albert Einstein
German scientists whose equation helped to develop the atomic bomb. One of the most renowned minds of the 20th century
20th century.
E=MC^2. One of the best physicists of the period.
10. Vincent van Gogh Dutch post-impressionist whose influence can be seen in many 20th century artists. His famous pieces include “The Starry Night” and, “The Night Cafe.”
1853-1890
His art is notable for its rough beauty and emotional honesty, and is the best depiction of post-impressionism. Some of his pieces are still being copied.
Section C: Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Imperialism
European colonial expansion between 1880s and 1914 into Asia and Africa.
Caused by industrialization and the search for new markets and access to raw materials and cheap labor
2. Bolsheviks
"majority group" of Russian Marxists, lead by Lenin.
Took over after the October Revolution 1917.
3. Red/White Civil War
War in Russia between the Bolshevik (Red) Army and the anti-Bolshevik (White) Army
1917-1922
Bolsheviks win and establish the USSR
4. Triple Alliance
Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before WWI
created in 1882, pledged to support the existing social order
Italy leaves alliance in 1914
5. Triple Entente
Alliance of Britain, France, and Russia in WWI
6. Existentialism
Philosophy that emerged in the 1920s
Emphasizes the meaninglessness of existence and importance of individuals creating their own meaning
Frederick Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sarte, and Soren Kirkegaard
7. Impressionism
1890-1920
Modernist artistic movement that portrayed artists sensory "impressions"
Stresses color, capturing a fleeting moment rather than heavy detail of an object
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Mary Cassatt
8. League of Nations
Organization of multiple countries who would vow to intervene if another country was in need of aid.
Established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1914
America refuses t
9. Treaty of Versailles
10. Trench Warfare
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Communist leader and revolutionary who oversaw and led the overthrow of the provisional government and the institution of a communist one-party state, with himself at the head. Lenin became a Communist revolutionary at an early age, under Czar Alexander II, he was exiled from Russia, but returned to overthrow the provisional government. His return to Russia helped the existing Communist party to gain power and he immediately became a key part of the party. From his senior position in the Communist party, Lenin expertly maneuvered himself to eliminate his enemies until he became the party head and leader of the government. As leader of Russia, Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany and removed Russia from World War One. He enacted the NEP to improve the economic situation of Russia, and it did. Lenin led Russia on the path of recovery and towards communist, which was carried on by his successors.
Top Dog Idea/Event: Imperialism
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, imperialism led the foreign policy of European powers. Any country wishing to remain competitive was forced into expanding and finding foreign territories, such was the case with Germany. Foreign territories offered economic benefits and also a way for a country to flex its military might. The economic benefits included an outlet for excess goods and a bounty of natural resources. The competition for territories grew so that the whole of Africa was settled in under 20 years, and not altogether peacefully. Indeed, imperialism led to increased militarism and the advancement of tactics and experience for World War One. Imperialism was a large part of the cause of World War One, it caused tension between nations and created rivalries, such as the First Balkan Crisis, wherein France and England first became concerned with Germany’s militarism. These rivalries spawned friction, especially in the Balkans, where imperialist policies created a tenacious situation which eventually spawned World War One.
Timeline:1869: Suez canal finishes it’s construction
1880-1910: African colonies are seized by powerful european nations
1905: Bloody sunday occurs
1914: Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated
1914: WWI begins
February 1917: The revolution begins in russia
October 1917: The second revolution begins in russia
1917: Army Order No. 1
1918: The treaty of brest-litovsk is proposed
1919: The treaty of versailles ends WWII
1922: The red white civil war ends
1924: Lenin finally introduces communism and the soviet union is created
Images:
The increase of nationalism, militarism, and other factors that arose in the 19th century manifested itself in a form of imperialism similar to that of the 17 century. Countries eager to grow and test their might attempted to expand into areas of little development, primarily Africa. African territory was quickly taken up a scramble for land in Africa ensued among European superpowers. Locals were disregarded and Empires were set up. The escalating amount of imperialism resulted in international conflicts among the European superpowers. With the spark that was the assassination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, Europe erupted into war, the First World War. Germany aligned with Austria and the Ottoman Empire to form the Central Powers and fought against France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, which comprised the Entente Powers. Eventually, the Central Powers were defeated. Meanwhile, Russia was experiencing Civil War. The Communist Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, took control of the government after the fall of the czars and the provisional government. The Communist leadership repressed opposition in the Red/White Civil War, and began assuming totalitarian powers. The Treaty of Versailles was signed to end World War One, with extremely humiliating clauses for the Germans, such as the War Guilt Clause and Reparations.
Top 10 People:
1. Georges Clemenceau
French prime minister during World War One
World War One
Sought to punish Germany heavily with reparations.
British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922.
Leader of the Liberal Party and regarded as the founder of the British welfare state.
Oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK)
2. David Lloyd George
British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922.
Leader of the Liberal Party and regarded as the founder of the British welfare state.
Oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK)
3. Nicholas II
Last czar of Russia between 1868-1917 and end of the Romanov Dynasty
Seen as a weak leader, he oversaw Russia's humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday, and anti-semitic pogroms
Forced to abdicate in 1917 and killed by Bolsheviks in 1918 along with his family including Tsarina Alexandra and their children.
4. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Leader of the Russian Communists and head of the Russian Soviet Socialists
Student of Marxist socialism, he returned from exile to Russia in 1917 and lead the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
Head of the Communist government until 1924
Known for statements like "All power to the Soviets", "All land to the peasants'.
Promised "Bread, Land, and Peace"
5. Leon Trotsky
Bolshevik leader who helped to organize the October Revolution in 1917
Radical marxist and leader of the Red Army
Removed from power in 1927 by Stalin and deported to Mexico in 1929 where he was assassinated.
6. Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher who questioned the conventional values of Western society.
Famous for rejecting religion "God is dead"
His works were fundamental in the rise of existentialism
7. Sigmund Freud
Austrian doctor and founder of psychoanalysis
1856-1939
famous for dream analysis, "talking cure", and free association techniques
describes three structures of the self - id, ego, superego
8. Kaiser Wilhelm II
Last Kaiser of Prussia and German emperor. Came to power after Otto Von Bismarck.
1888-1900s
Wanted to build up german army. Sought to equalize Germany's navy with that of Great Britain.
9. Albert Einstein
German scientists whose equation helped to develop the atomic bomb. One of the most renowned minds of the 20th century
20th century.
E=MC^2. One of the best physicists of the period.
10. Vincent van Gogh Dutch post-impressionist whose influence can be seen in many 20th century artists. His famous pieces include “The Starry Night” and, “The Night Cafe.”
1853-1890
His art is notable for its rough beauty and emotional honesty, and is the best depiction of post-impressionism. Some of his pieces are still being copied.
Section C: Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Imperialism
European colonial expansion between 1880s and 1914 into Asia and Africa.
Caused by industrialization and the search for new markets and access to raw materials and cheap labor
2. Bolsheviks
"majority group" of Russian Marxists, lead by Lenin.
Took over after the October Revolution 1917.
3. Red/White Civil War
War in Russia between the Bolshevik (Red) Army and the anti-Bolshevik (White) Army
1917-1922
Bolsheviks win and establish the USSR
4. Triple Alliance
Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before WWI
created in 1882, pledged to support the existing social order
Italy leaves alliance in 1914
5. Triple Entente
Alliance of Britain, France, and Russia in WWI
6. Existentialism
Philosophy that emerged in the 1920s
Emphasizes the meaninglessness of existence and importance of individuals creating their own meaning
Frederick Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sarte, and Soren Kirkegaard
7. Impressionism
1890-1920
Modernist artistic movement that portrayed artists sensory "impressions"
Stresses color, capturing a fleeting moment rather than heavy detail of an object
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Mary Cassatt
8. League of Nations
Organization of multiple countries who would vow to intervene if another country was in need of aid.
Established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1914
America refuses t
9. Treaty of Versailles
10. Trench Warfare
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Communist leader and revolutionary who oversaw and led the overthrow of the provisional government and the institution of a communist one-party state, with himself at the head. Lenin became a Communist revolutionary at an early age, under Czar Alexander II, he was exiled from Russia, but returned to overthrow the provisional government. His return to Russia helped the existing Communist party to gain power and he immediately became a key part of the party. From his senior position in the Communist party, Lenin expertly maneuvered himself to eliminate his enemies until he became the party head and leader of the government. As leader of Russia, Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany and removed Russia from World War One. He enacted the NEP to improve the economic situation of Russia, and it did. Lenin led Russia on the path of recovery and towards communist, which was carried on by his successors.
Top Dog Idea/Event: Imperialism
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, imperialism led the foreign policy of European powers. Any country wishing to remain competitive was forced into expanding and finding foreign territories, such was the case with Germany. Foreign territories offered economic benefits and also a way for a country to flex its military might. The economic benefits included an outlet for excess goods and a bounty of natural resources. The competition for territories grew so that the whole of Africa was settled in under 20 years, and not altogether peacefully. Indeed, imperialism led to increased militarism and the advancement of tactics and experience for World War One. Imperialism was a large part of the cause of World War One, it caused tension between nations and created rivalries, such as the First Balkan Crisis, wherein France and England first became concerned with Germany’s militarism. These rivalries spawned friction, especially in the Balkans, where imperialist policies created a tenacious situation which eventually spawned World War One.
Timeline:1869: Suez canal finishes it’s construction
1880-1910: African colonies are seized by powerful european nations
1905: Bloody sunday occurs
1914: Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated
1914: WWI begins
February 1917: The revolution begins in russia
October 1917: The second revolution begins in russia
1917: Army Order No. 1
1918: The treaty of brest-litovsk is proposed
1919: The treaty of versailles ends WWII
1922: The red white civil war ends
1924: Lenin finally introduces communism and the soviet union is created
Images: