Chapter 9: Art, Architecture, and Literature in European History (1450-2000)
Overview:
Throughout history, art, architecture, and literature can be evaluated as a representation of the era and the people that lived in that time. Over time, the art, architecture, and literature can be summarized into periods of similar products. Beginning with the Renaissance, these periods became more widespread and related throughout the European continent. The development of culture can be followed from the beginning, such as humanism and realism, through periods and characteristics, such as the development of baroque into romanticism into realism. Such patterns can be found in all aspects, art, architecture, and literature. These patterns defined the era they arose in.
Top 10 People:
1. Leonardo DaVinci:
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, crime-fighting turtle, and scientist
1452-1519
The embodiment of "virtu" and what it means to be a renaissance man. His works in both art and architecture defined perfection and innovation for centuries. He is considered one of the most influential artists due to his pieces such as the most recognizable, the Mona Lisa.
2. Rembrandt.
Dutch, Baroque painter
1606-1669
Famous for landscapes, biblical, and historical scenes. One of the greatest artists of Holland’s “Golden Age.” His works served as the inspiration for artists from the eighteenth century as well as nineteenth century realists.
3. William Shakespeare.
One of England’s most famous playwrights. He is famous for his pieces such as “Romeo and Juliet,” “Othello,” and “Julius Caesar.”
1582-1616
His works during England’s golden age helped to encourage cultural growth through their entertaining yet thought-provoking nature. He is still considered one of the best writers of all time.
4. Pablo Picasso.
Spanish cubist painter whose works reflected political tensions of Europe during and after World War 1.
1881-1973
His works such as Guernica and his Blue Period are considered the best examples of cubism. His influence can be found in painters for decades after him.
5. Vincent Van Gogh.
Dutch post-impressionist whose influence can be seen in many 20th century artists. His famous pieces include “The Starry Night” and, “The Night Cafe.”
1853-1890
His art is notable for its rough beauty and emotional honesty. His art is the best depiction of post-impressionism and are still being copied.
6. Voltaire.
French writer, philosopher, and historian. (Francis Marie Arouet)
1694-1778
Strongly against organized religion. Promoted freedom of religion and speech. "I do not agree with you, sir, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." One of the most openly satirical men of history.
7. Baldassare Castiglione.
Influential artist, poet, and philosopher.
1478-1529
Wrote the first book of etiquette for Nobles. Described the ideal gentleman of the ages or man of "virtu" His book was written in the vernacular which allowed for it to be more widely read and contributed to a more literate society.
8 .Johann Gutenburg
German craftsman who invented the movable type printing press.
1397-1468
The invention of the printing press allowed books to be more widely produced and read. Which, in turn, allowed for a more well-read society and contributed to a rise in literacy.
9. Fillipo Brunelleschi.
One of the first great architects of the renaissance. He incorporated, as was typical of the renaissance, linear perspective into his works.
1337- 1446
Though just outside the time parameters, his “duomo” was one of the architectural wonders of the period. Plus, he revolutionized the way architects think about structural integrity.
10. William Wordsworth
English romantic poet who focused heavily on the love of nature. One of the Fathers of the romantic movement.
1770-1850
Influenced his contemporaries with his distinctive prose. His poems about nature are some of the most well-renowned to date.
Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Humanism
The study of classic texts and scriptures to promote the rebirth of ancient values.
One of the sparks of the Renaissance.
Celebrated the potential of humans and human nature. Spawned an increase in literacy and scientific inquiry.
2. Romanticism
Artistic movement centered around glorifying nature and individuals.
1750-1850
Reaction to industrialization. Fanned rebellious flames. Inspired numerous new artists to emerge and spread their ideas.
3. Baroque art
style of art characterized by dramatic, vivid contract, and emotional intensity.
17th-18th century
Used by the church to counter the reformation. "Imperfect pearl." religious messages were prevalent
4. Patronage
Practice of sponsoring/ supporting a specific person or job.
Allowed for artists to become well-known during the renaissance.
It became common for wealthy individuals/ families to establish themselves as patrons of the art.
5. Printing Press
A machine that presses paper against a full tray of inked "movable type"
1454
The first movable type was popularized by Johannes Gutenburg. Allowed for a relatively rapid spread of information across Europe.
6. Rococco
A new artistic style that emerged during the enlightenment.
1720-1750
Focused on nuance and the details of small things. Demonstrated aristocratic values.
7. Cubism
Art movement of the 20th century composed of sculptures and paintings primarily. Used fragmented, geometric shapes to depict an image.
Early 20th century
Defined the era with a distinct style. The most well-known cubist is Picasso.
8. Surrealism
Artistic movement of the 1920s which sought to resolve the contradictions of reality and dreams.
1920s
Popularized by Salvador Dali. Sought to be a revolutionary movement as well.
9. Existentialism.
An artistic and literary movement from the late 19th to early 20th century which focused on the apparent absurdity and meaninglessness of humanity.
19th - 20th century
Sought to find meaning in a meaningless life.
10. Rationalism
A literary movement which regarded reason as the primary source of knowledge.
18th century
Allowed for information to spread and changed the fields of inquiry during the scientific revolution.
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo DaVinci was a true genius. His works in all fields were revolutionary and it seemed, during the period, as if he couldn’t be wrong. Though his artistic ability stood out most of all. His use of perspective, a concept unheard of until the renaissance, represented his adaptability as an artist and as a man. Leonardo DaVinci’s influence couldn’t be understated. He was the embodiment of the period in which he lived. That is to say, he encompassed all it was to be a man of the renaissance. He wrote, painted, sculpted, and dabbled in various other fields. His paintings, mainly the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are considered some of the best of all time which speaks to his lasting impact on the artistic community. It’s this diversity and lasting genius which makes DaVinci the “Top Dog” for European art.
Top Dog Event/Idea: Printing Press
The printing press is the top term because of its immediate effects and gradual transformations of european society. The press made it easier for books to be published and allowed for a more rapid spread of information. This made information easier to access and, thus, spawned an increase in literacy. This increase in literacy allowed for a more intelligent society which could then occupy their minds with more impactful thoughts. Impactful thoughts which would define the coming centuries. In short, the printing press proved to be the first step on a path towards increased literacy and higher intelligence. All of this would then allow for Europe to develop into the global powerhouse it is today. Because, without the printing press, ideas would not have been able to spread as quickly and the growth of the collective intellect would be stunted.
Timeline:
1300: Renaissance begins, artists and writers flourish.
1436: The florence capital was finished.
1509: The praise of folly was written by erasmus
1520: Mannerism starts to become prominent in Italy
1532: The Prince was written by machiavelli
1600: The baroque Era begins
1687: Principia Mathematica is published by Newton
1765: Denis Diderot writes the Encyclopedia
1789: The palace of versailles finishes it’s construction
1800-1850: Romantic and Realism periods are prominent
1860- 1970 Newer and more moderns art starts to come into the fold
1869: The age of impressionism begins
1890: Dadaism begins
1920: Surrealism becomes one of the most popular art of that time.
Images:
Throughout history, art, architecture, and literature can be evaluated as a representation of the era and the people that lived in that time. Over time, the art, architecture, and literature can be summarized into periods of similar products. Beginning with the Renaissance, these periods became more widespread and related throughout the European continent. The development of culture can be followed from the beginning, such as humanism and realism, through periods and characteristics, such as the development of baroque into romanticism into realism. Such patterns can be found in all aspects, art, architecture, and literature. These patterns defined the era they arose in.
Top 10 People:
1. Leonardo DaVinci:
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, crime-fighting turtle, and scientist
1452-1519
The embodiment of "virtu" and what it means to be a renaissance man. His works in both art and architecture defined perfection and innovation for centuries. He is considered one of the most influential artists due to his pieces such as the most recognizable, the Mona Lisa.
2. Rembrandt.
Dutch, Baroque painter
1606-1669
Famous for landscapes, biblical, and historical scenes. One of the greatest artists of Holland’s “Golden Age.” His works served as the inspiration for artists from the eighteenth century as well as nineteenth century realists.
3. William Shakespeare.
One of England’s most famous playwrights. He is famous for his pieces such as “Romeo and Juliet,” “Othello,” and “Julius Caesar.”
1582-1616
His works during England’s golden age helped to encourage cultural growth through their entertaining yet thought-provoking nature. He is still considered one of the best writers of all time.
4. Pablo Picasso.
Spanish cubist painter whose works reflected political tensions of Europe during and after World War 1.
1881-1973
His works such as Guernica and his Blue Period are considered the best examples of cubism. His influence can be found in painters for decades after him.
5. Vincent Van Gogh.
Dutch post-impressionist whose influence can be seen in many 20th century artists. His famous pieces include “The Starry Night” and, “The Night Cafe.”
1853-1890
His art is notable for its rough beauty and emotional honesty. His art is the best depiction of post-impressionism and are still being copied.
6. Voltaire.
French writer, philosopher, and historian. (Francis Marie Arouet)
1694-1778
Strongly against organized religion. Promoted freedom of religion and speech. "I do not agree with you, sir, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." One of the most openly satirical men of history.
7. Baldassare Castiglione.
Influential artist, poet, and philosopher.
1478-1529
Wrote the first book of etiquette for Nobles. Described the ideal gentleman of the ages or man of "virtu" His book was written in the vernacular which allowed for it to be more widely read and contributed to a more literate society.
8 .Johann Gutenburg
German craftsman who invented the movable type printing press.
1397-1468
The invention of the printing press allowed books to be more widely produced and read. Which, in turn, allowed for a more well-read society and contributed to a rise in literacy.
9. Fillipo Brunelleschi.
One of the first great architects of the renaissance. He incorporated, as was typical of the renaissance, linear perspective into his works.
1337- 1446
Though just outside the time parameters, his “duomo” was one of the architectural wonders of the period. Plus, he revolutionized the way architects think about structural integrity.
10. William Wordsworth
English romantic poet who focused heavily on the love of nature. One of the Fathers of the romantic movement.
1770-1850
Influenced his contemporaries with his distinctive prose. His poems about nature are some of the most well-renowned to date.
Top 10 Events/Ideas
1. Humanism
The study of classic texts and scriptures to promote the rebirth of ancient values.
One of the sparks of the Renaissance.
Celebrated the potential of humans and human nature. Spawned an increase in literacy and scientific inquiry.
2. Romanticism
Artistic movement centered around glorifying nature and individuals.
1750-1850
Reaction to industrialization. Fanned rebellious flames. Inspired numerous new artists to emerge and spread their ideas.
3. Baroque art
style of art characterized by dramatic, vivid contract, and emotional intensity.
17th-18th century
Used by the church to counter the reformation. "Imperfect pearl." religious messages were prevalent
4. Patronage
Practice of sponsoring/ supporting a specific person or job.
Allowed for artists to become well-known during the renaissance.
It became common for wealthy individuals/ families to establish themselves as patrons of the art.
5. Printing Press
A machine that presses paper against a full tray of inked "movable type"
1454
The first movable type was popularized by Johannes Gutenburg. Allowed for a relatively rapid spread of information across Europe.
6. Rococco
A new artistic style that emerged during the enlightenment.
1720-1750
Focused on nuance and the details of small things. Demonstrated aristocratic values.
7. Cubism
Art movement of the 20th century composed of sculptures and paintings primarily. Used fragmented, geometric shapes to depict an image.
Early 20th century
Defined the era with a distinct style. The most well-known cubist is Picasso.
8. Surrealism
Artistic movement of the 1920s which sought to resolve the contradictions of reality and dreams.
1920s
Popularized by Salvador Dali. Sought to be a revolutionary movement as well.
9. Existentialism.
An artistic and literary movement from the late 19th to early 20th century which focused on the apparent absurdity and meaninglessness of humanity.
19th - 20th century
Sought to find meaning in a meaningless life.
10. Rationalism
A literary movement which regarded reason as the primary source of knowledge.
18th century
Allowed for information to spread and changed the fields of inquiry during the scientific revolution.
Top Dog Analysis:
Top Dog Person: Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo DaVinci was a true genius. His works in all fields were revolutionary and it seemed, during the period, as if he couldn’t be wrong. Though his artistic ability stood out most of all. His use of perspective, a concept unheard of until the renaissance, represented his adaptability as an artist and as a man. Leonardo DaVinci’s influence couldn’t be understated. He was the embodiment of the period in which he lived. That is to say, he encompassed all it was to be a man of the renaissance. He wrote, painted, sculpted, and dabbled in various other fields. His paintings, mainly the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are considered some of the best of all time which speaks to his lasting impact on the artistic community. It’s this diversity and lasting genius which makes DaVinci the “Top Dog” for European art.
Top Dog Event/Idea: Printing Press
The printing press is the top term because of its immediate effects and gradual transformations of european society. The press made it easier for books to be published and allowed for a more rapid spread of information. This made information easier to access and, thus, spawned an increase in literacy. This increase in literacy allowed for a more intelligent society which could then occupy their minds with more impactful thoughts. Impactful thoughts which would define the coming centuries. In short, the printing press proved to be the first step on a path towards increased literacy and higher intelligence. All of this would then allow for Europe to develop into the global powerhouse it is today. Because, without the printing press, ideas would not have been able to spread as quickly and the growth of the collective intellect would be stunted.
Timeline:
1300: Renaissance begins, artists and writers flourish.
1436: The florence capital was finished.
1509: The praise of folly was written by erasmus
1520: Mannerism starts to become prominent in Italy
1532: The Prince was written by machiavelli
1600: The baroque Era begins
1687: Principia Mathematica is published by Newton
1765: Denis Diderot writes the Encyclopedia
1789: The palace of versailles finishes it’s construction
1800-1850: Romantic and Realism periods are prominent
1860- 1970 Newer and more moderns art starts to come into the fold
1869: The age of impressionism begins
1890: Dadaism begins
1920: Surrealism becomes one of the most popular art of that time.
Images: